Top 50 Programming Languages in 2025

In 2025, software development involves a variety of languages serving everything from back-end APIs to front-end interfaces and specialized areas such as data science, embedded systems, and blockchain. Equally important is how these languages support quality assurance, with many offering built-in or community-supported testing frameworks. Below is an organized overview of 50 languages that shape development and testing practices in 2025.

1. Python

First released in 1991, Python has maintained a strong presence thanks to its readable syntax and extensive library support. It is heavily adopted in data science, AI, web development, and scripting. Over the years, Python introduced asynchronous features and frameworks like Django and Flask. In testing, tools such as Pytest and Robot Framework offer clear structures and integrations, making Python a common choice for automation and QA teams.

2. Java

Java, created in 1995, established the “write once, run anywhere” model through the JVM. It remains fundamental for enterprise applications, Android development, and complex back-end systems. Large firms trust it for stability and extensive library ecosystems. In testing, JUnit and TestNG are widely used for unit and integration tests. Its consistent version updates and strong support network keep Java at the forefront of large-scale solutions.

3. JavaScript

Originating as a browser-based scripting language, JavaScript has grown to cover servers (with Node.js), mobile apps (through React Native), and desktop tools (via Electron). In 2025, JavaScript will remain essential for interactive web applications and full-stack development. Testing often involves Jest, Mocha, or Cypress, which provide modern approaches to unit, integration, and end-to-end testing. Its ubiquitous presence makes JavaScript a key language for many teams.

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4. C

Developed in the early 1970s, C still underlies much of modern computing, especially in systems, embedded devices, and performance-critical applications. Despite newer abstractions, developers favor C for direct memory manipulation and small binary size. Testing is supported by lightweight frameworks like Unity, which help check functionality in constrained environments. C’s longevity stems from its efficiency and broad hardware support.

5. C++

C++ emerged in the 1980s as an extension of C, introducing object-oriented programming along with low-level capabilities. It is employed for high-performance software such as game engines, financial trading platforms, and advanced computational tools. By 2025, standards continue to refine template usage and concurrency models. Testing uses frameworks like Google Test, ensuring code reliability in projects that demand speed and resource control.

6. C#

Microsoft introduced C# in the early 2000s as part of the .NET initiative. Over time, it evolved to run on multiple platforms, powering web applications, desktop tools, and mobile apps (via Xamarin and .NET MAUI). Organizations favor its structured syntax and comprehensive tooling. MSTest, xUnit, and NUnit are common for testing. Its consistent updates and integration with Visual Studio keep it relevant in corporate environments.

7. TypeScript

Developed by Microsoft, TypeScript enhances JavaScript with static typing, offering improved scalability and error checking. In 2025, front-end frameworks like Angular and React often rely on TypeScript for larger projects. Node.js back-ends also adopt it for maintainable code. Testing approaches include Jest or Mocha with type definitions for clarity. Its synergy with JavaScript ecosystems ensures ongoing adoption among teams prioritizing code reliability.

8. Go (Golang)

Go, introduced by Google in 2009, is designed around simplicity and concurrency. In 2025, it is a common choice for microservices, networking tools, and container orchestration. The language’s standard library includes testing features, and minimizing external dependencies. Developers appreciate its straightforward syntax and built-in garbage collection. Go maintains popularity in projects needing fast compilation, efficient concurrency, and manageable code structures.

9. Kotlin

Kotlin, created by JetBrains, offers concise syntax and null-safety features. After Google endorsed Kotlin for Android, it surged in popularity and now extends to server-side development. Its ability to share code across platforms streamlines multi-device solutions. Testing includes Kluent or Spek for expressive assertions. Enterprises adopt Kotlin for its Java interoperability and fewer boilerplate requirements, resulting in cleaner, more maintainable codebases.

10. Swift

Apple launched Swift in 2014 to replace Objective-C for iOS and macOS development. In 2025, Swift is mature, with robust features and improved performance. Server-side frameworks (like Vapor) expand usage beyond mobile apps. XCTest supports testing inside Xcode, helping developers ensure consistent behavior. Swift’s emphasis on safety and clear syntax keeps it a core language for Apple platforms and potential cross-platform initiatives.

11. Rust

Rust, developed by Mozilla, emphasizes memory safety and performance without a garbage collector. By 2025, it is often used for system tools, web assembly, and security-critical services. Its concurrency model aims to reduce data races. Testing is integrated with Cargo, making it straightforward to write unit and integration tests. Rust’s adoption in cryptography, IoT, and high-availability back ends grows as teams seek stable, low-level control.

12. Ruby

Ruby gained prominence in the mid-2000s through the Rails framework, encouraging quick web application development. In 2025, it still help developers prototype and build user-centric platforms. Its flexible, readable syntax appeals to those seeking rapid iteration. Testing is commonly done through RSpec, which focuses on behavior-driven development. While competition is strong, Ruby retains loyal supporters who value its straightforward approach and supportive ecosystem.

13. PHP

PHP, first released in 1995, is embedded in a vast array of websites, powering platforms like WordPress and e-commerce solutions. Ongoing improvements in performance and features keep it relevant in 2025. Popular frameworks such as Laravel and Symfony provide structured approaches to development, while PHPUnit simplifies testing. PHP’s extensive documentation, hosting availability, and large community remain attractive for many web development projects.

14. R

Originally designed for statistical computing, R excels at data analytics, visualization, and machine learning. Researchers and data scientists continue using R in 2025 due to specialized libraries like ggplot2 and caret. Its comprehensive environment supports interactive data exploration, while frameworks like tests aid in writing unit tests. R’s community-driven ecosystem remains a go-to resource for academic studies and analytics-driven industries.

15. Scala

Scala is a JVM language combining object-oriented and functional features. It has been widely adopted for distributed data processing, notably with Apache Spark. By 2025, Scala’s concise syntax and strong type system remain appealing for scalable back-end work. For testing, ScalaTest and Specs2 allow both traditional and behavior-driven styles. Although the learning curve can be steep, Scala holds popularity in data-intensive, concurrency-focused development.

16. Dart

Developed by Google, Dart gained significant traction with the Flutter framework for cross-platform mobile apps. By 2025, it has branched into web and desktop applications. Its sound typing system and asynchronous programming features help build smooth interfaces and handle parallel tasks. The built-in test package simplifies unit tests. As Flutter continues to expand, Dart remains a strong candidate for teams unifying multiple platforms under a single codebase.

17. MATLAB

MATLAB, with roots in matrix-based computations, is prevalent in engineering, research, and prototyping complex algorithms. By 2025, industries like aerospace, automotive, and academia rely on MATLAB’s domain-specific toolboxes. Testing often occurs through its scripting environment or Simulink for model-based designs. Despite competition from other numeric languages, MATLAB stays relevant where specialized toolboxes and visualizations are necessary.

18. Perl

Once called the “Swiss Army knife” of scripting, Perl gained popularity for text processing, system administration, and CGI scripting. Though overshadowed, it retains a niche in legacy systems and quick text manipulation. TAP (Test Anything Protocol) and modules like Test::Simple help ensure code correctness. In 2025, Perl remains an option for jobs requiring robust regular expressions and automation in well-established infrastructures.

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19. Lua

Lua is a lightweight, embeddable scripting language created in Brazil. It is favored for game engines, IoT devices, and applications requiring an easy C/C++ integration. In 2025, Lua stands out for its fast execution and minimal footprint. Testing can involve Busted or plain scripts. Lua’s design allows rapid customization of embedded environments, making it practical for extensions, plug-ins, and system tools where overhead must be kept low.

20. Visual Basic .NET

Visual Basic .NET offers a simplified syntax for building Windows applications on the .NET platform. Although overshadowed by C#, it keeps a presence in certain corporate settings that prefer a more straightforward approach. In 2025, organizations still use it for internal tools and legacy systems. Testing can be done with MSTest or third-party tools. While updates are modest, VB .NET persists where teams value rapid form-based development.

21. Objective-C

Objective-C was Apple’s main language for macOS and iOS before Swift. In 2025, it will remain in active use for legacy projects and integration with established libraries. Developers maintain apps with Xcode tools, including unit testing. Its dynamic runtime and message-passing model give certain flexibility, though Swift has become more common. Objective-C skills remain valuable for teams supporting older codebases or bridging Swift libraries.

22. Fortran

One of the oldest high-level languages, Fortran still powers scientific and engineering simulations that require precise numerical computations. In 2025, supercomputing environments and academic research continue to lean on Fortran’s math-oriented capabilities. Modern variants add modules and object-oriented concepts. Testing can be done with frameworks like FoBiS or custom solutions. Fortran’s historical reliability ensures it remains in specialized domains.

23. Groovy

Groovy is a dynamic JVM language that syntactically resembles a mix of Java and scripting languages. In 2025, developers often use it for build automation (Gradle) and quick scripting. Its DSL-friendly nature means teams can customize testing pipelines or create expressive tests with Spock. Groovy’s interoperability with Java code, combined with features like closures, keeps it around for those who appreciate faster prototyping within JVM ecosystems.

24. Elixir

Elixir runs atop the Erlang VM, leveraging a concurrency model built for distributed and fault-tolerant systems. In 2025, it is often found in chat apps, real-time platforms, and microservices where consistent uptime is critical. Testing is handled via ExUnit, supporting a straightforward approach to writing automated checks. Elixir’s syntax and community libraries simplify building reliable, concurrent applications, making it a solid choice for certain back-end tasks.

25. Haskell

Haskell is known for its pure functional style and strong type system. It appeals to developers aiming for minimal side effects and mathematical rigor. By 2025, Haskell will remain in use for financial applications, research, and any domain where code correctness is essential. Testing with QuickCheck highlights property-based tests, uncovering edge cases through random data generation. Though niche, Haskell retains an enthusiastic user base drawn to functional paradigms.

26. Julia

Julia focuses on high-performance scientific computing with syntax that is both approachable and powerful. In 2025, it will be adopted in machine learning, computational biology, and numerical analysis. Multiple dispatch and metaprogramming allow concise yet efficient implementations. Testing can be done with built-in features or community frameworks like Test. Julia’s performance gains, combined with its emphasis on ease of use, make it popular in research circles.

27. F#

F# is a functional-first language within Microsoft’s .NET family. It promotes concise code with pattern matching and supports seamless interop with C#. In 2025, it will be recognized for domains like financial modeling, data analytics, and scripting within .NET solutions. Testing frameworks like Expecto integrate well with F#’s functional style. While not as widely used as C#, F# remains appealing to developers who want functional programming in a familiar ecosystem.

28. Erlang

Erlang was built at Ericsson for fault-tolerant and distributed telecommunications systems. Its “let it crash” philosophy and lightweight processes continue to influence concurrency models. By 2025, Erlang will underlie chat servers, messaging platforms, and robust back ends. Testing can be done with Common Test or EUnit, focusing on stability and uptime. Erlang’s track record for reliability keeps it relevant in environments that demand continuous operation.

29. COBOL

COBOL has powered large financial and governmental systems for decades. In 2025, modernization projects still coexist with the original mainframe code. Testing typically involves custom frameworks or direct mainframe utilities. Given the stability of these systems, COBOL programmers remain in demand for maintenance and migrations. While new development is less common, COBOL’s presence in mission-critical environments keeps it in use.

30. PowerShell

PowerShell is a command-line shell and scripting language by Microsoft that manages system configurations and automation. Its cross-platform nature in 2025 extends to Linux and macOS, making it popular in DevOps and cloud administration. Testing scripts with Pester integrates into continuous integration pipelines. PowerShell’s combination of object-oriented output and command-line accessibility continues to serve IT professionals and system administrators effectively.

31. SQL

Structured Query Language is the standard for managing relational databases. Since the 1970s, it has remained the main tool for operations such as data insertion, updates, and complex queries. In 2025, SQL is central to handling structured datasets in systems like MySQL, PostgreSQL, and SQL Server. Testing generally involves verifying queries, stored procedures, and data integrity. Its straightforward syntax and near-universal support ensure continued usage.

32. PL/SQL

PL/SQL, Oracle’s extension of SQL, is integral for stored procedures and business logic inside Oracle databases. In 2025, large enterprises rely on it for transaction-heavy systems, enterprise resource planning, and consistent data rules. Testing tools like utPLSQL help confirm the accuracy of database operations. While new technologies have appeared, PL/SQL’s tight coupling with Oracle ensures that many established companies continue to depend on it.

33. Apex

Apex is Salesforce’s proprietary language for customizing and automating processes in the Salesforce platform. By 2025, it remains essential for organizations built around customer relationship management solutions. Apex uses a Java-like syntax and mandates unit tests for any deployment, helping maintain multi-tenant stability. Teams rely on Apex for triggers, asynchronous processes, and integrations, ensuring consistent behavior of Salesforce-based apps and workflows.

34. Crystal

Crystal combines a Ruby-like syntax with compiled performance. In 2025, it attracts developers who want a familiar syntax but require faster execution and type safety. Shards provide a way to manage dependencies, and the built-in test framework allows quick checks. Though not as widely adopted as some counterparts, Crystal is an option for those seeking a balance between expressive code and compiled efficiency.

35. Nim

Nim is a statically typed language that compiles C, C++, or JavaScript, aiming to provide high performance with a clean syntax. In 2025, Nim appeals to teams building command-line tools, game engines, or optimized services. Metaprogramming and compile-time features help reduce runtime overhead. Testing can be done with the Nim testing module. While niche, Nim continues to intrigue developers who value speed and lightweight binaries.

36. Solidity

Solidity is the primary language for Ethereum smart contracts. As blockchain applications stay relevant in 2025, Solidity is still used for decentralized apps, finance protocols, and digital asset management. Testing relies on frameworks like Truffle, Hardhat, or Foundry to verify contract logic before deploying to the chain. Security is a key concern in smart contracts, so thorough testing and auditing are common steps for Solidity projects.

37. Assembly (Various Flavors)

Assembly language represents the most direct way to control hardware, with different versions for x86, ARM, and other architectures. In 2025, it remains vital for embedded firmware, device drivers, and very performance-sensitive code. Testing usually involves hardware simulators or specialized debugging tools. While overshadowed by higher-level languages, Assembly remains a foundation for optimizing critical functions and interfacing closely with hardware components.

38. Ada

Ada was developed with safety and reliability as priorities, particularly for the defense and aerospace sectors. In 2025, it is seen in projects that demand strong type checking and runtime checks. Test procedures often involve packages like AdaCore’s testing tools to ensure code correctness. Despite a smaller user base, Ada remains trusted in domains where potential failures have serious consequences, such as avionics and mission-critical systems.

39. Lisp

Dating to the late 1950s, Lisp is among the earliest high-level languages. Its list-based syntax and macro system have influenced countless language designs. In 2025, Common Lisp and other variants appear in AI research, symbolic computing, and environments needing rapid prototyping. Testing might involve libraries like FiveAM or built-in REPL checks. Though it appeals to a narrower audience, Lisp maintains a legacy of flexibility and academic interest.

40. Scheme

Scheme, a minimalist dialect of Lisp, emphasizes functional programming and clean syntax. In 2025, educational institutions still use it to teach core programming concepts. Racket extends Scheme for practical development, with testing tools that support interactive coding sessions. The scheme encourages recursion and higher-order functions, appealing to those exploring language theory or functional paradigms. It maintains a niche among researchers and educators seeking clarity.

41. TCL (Tool Command Language)

TCL is a scripting language known for easy embedding and rapid prototyping. In 2025, it sees usage in automation, especially test harnesses and configuration scripts. Its event-driven design and Tk GUI toolkit make it convenient for cross-platform interfaces. Testing frameworks like Expect automate command-line interaction. Tcl’s minimal design and quick iteration process keep it relevant in specialized roles within system and application scripts.

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42. Bash (Bourne Again Shell)

Bash is a default Unix shell that underpins many server-side scripts, DevOps pipelines, and configuration tasks. By 2025, teams still rely on Bash for system orchestration and rapid task automation across Linux and macOS. Testing often involves the Bats framework or direct script checks in CI environments. Although alternatives exist, Bash’s widespread availability ensures it remains a crucial skill for server administration and deployment.

43. Clojure

Clojure is a modern Lisp dialect running on the JVM. In 2025, it continues to attract developers drawn to functional programming concepts and immutable data structures. Testing with clojure.test or Kaocha allows quick feedback loops. Clojure’s approach to concurrency (using software transactional memory) and a REPL-driven workflow can speed up iterative development. It finds a place in data processing, back-end services, and any environment valuing functional idioms.

44. Elm

Elm targets front-end web development with a focus on reliability. Its compiler is designed to catch errors early, helping developers create stable user interfaces. In 2025, Elm will be used for projects where predictable state management and fewer runtime bugs are priorities. Testing is done through the Elm test, where developers can check for consistent rendering and behavior. Elm’s strict functional model and helpful compiler keep it relevant in niche frontend scenarios.

45. ReasonML (ReScript)

ReasonML (transitioning to ReScript) brings OCaml’s type system and performance benefits to JavaScript-based projects. In 2025, teams leverage ReasonML for web applications, compiling to readable JavaScript. Testing often uses Jest, merging the safety of a strong type system with the ubiquity of JS tools. Its syntax has evolved to align more closely with JavaScript, easing onboarding and making it a candidate for larger-scale front-end and back-end services.

46. Hack

Hack, created by Facebook (now Meta), adds static typing to PHP while running on HHVM. By 2025, its continued use in large PHP codebases seeking better type safety and performance. Testing can be done with PHPUnit or HackTest for integrated type checks. For organizations with extensive PHP systems, Hack allows incremental adoption of stronger typing without discarding existing code, making it a measured step toward fewer runtime errors.

47. Q#

Q# is Microsoft’s domain-specific language for quantum computing. While quantum hardware is still evolving in 2025, Q# is used in research, experimentation, and educational contexts. It integrates with the Azure Quantum platform for simulation and resource estimation. Testing quantum algorithms involves verifying expected quantum states and measurements. Though specialized, Q# fosters the development of quantum-based solutions for complex computational problems.

48. Red

Red aspires to handle both high-level scripting and low-level programming in a single language. By 2025, it will appeal to developers wanting small executables and cross-platform GUI capabilities. A built-in testing framework supports quick checks, and single-binary deployment simplifies distribution. While it has a smaller ecosystem compared to more established languages, Red stands out for projects that need compact, self-contained applications and native GUIs.

49. ABAP (Advanced Business Application Programming)

ABAP is SAP’s proprietary language for developing enterprise applications within the SAP ecosystem. In 2025, global corporations use ABAP to tailor ERP solutions in finance, logistics, and HR. Testing is often done with ABAP Unit or custom scripts to verify business rules and data consistency. Though it may appear less frequently outside SAP environments, ABAP remains essential for many long-standing, mission-critical operations worldwide.

50. Wolfram Language

Part of Mathematica, Wolfram Language combines symbolic computation with a broad library of algorithms. In 2025, it is popular for scientific research, algorithmic explorations, and data visualization tasks. Testing is typically handled within notebooks or package scripts, focusing on symbolic correctness and performance checks. Its built-in knowledge engine and interactive environment ensure continued use in academic and technical circles requiring mathematical analysis.

Final thoughts

These 50 languages reflect diverse development and testing strategies in 2025. While some excel at system-level tasks, others prioritize developer productivity, web interfaces, or data analysis. Many offer native testing frameworks or strong community support, enabling teams to build, refactor, and maintain software with confidence. Selecting the right language depends on project goals, performance needs, and ecosystem familiarity, ensuring ongoing variety in the technology landscape.

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